Predicting Rutting Deformation in Flexible Pavements of Southwest Nigeria: A Machine Learning-Based Surrogate Model Derived from 3D Finite Element Analysis
Rutting deformation in flexible pavements of Southwest Nigeria constitutes a persistent infrastructure failure. Existing CBR-based design methods do not adequately capture the multi-variable interaction between subgrade stiffness, pavement thickness, and traffic loading, while three-dimensional finite element analysis...