Flood Vulnerability, Livelihood Disruption, and Structural Barriers to Adaptation among Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya
Flooding poses an escalating threat to smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, yet localised evidence on its spatiotemporal patterns, livelihood impacts, and determinants of adaptive capacity remains limited. This study examined flood vulnerability and its effects on smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in Ndhiwa Su...