Effects of Language Policy and Learners’ Sociolinguistic Background on Educational Achievement in a Multilingual City in the Philippines
In the Philippines, most children speak regional languages like Ilokano, Cebuano, and Hiligaynon as their first language (L1), but they have historically been schooled in English and Tagalog (i.e., Filipino). In 2012, the Department of Education (DepEd) institutionalized Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTBM...