Fariba Zarei

Simultaneous Preoperative Prediction of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer, DCIS Component, and Multifocality Using Structured Mammographic Features and Gradient-Boosting Machine Learning

Structured mammographic features combined with gradient-boosting support clinically meaningful, though partly overlapping, risk stratification for LABC; the DCIS model performed very well; multifocality prediction remains more limited, and external validation is needed before clinical use.