Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Traceability Using Hybrid Cryptographic Models for Sustainable and Secure Global Trade
Globalization of trade has presented serious challenges of management of supply chain such as, lack of transparency, counterfeit products, ineffective tracking and data security vulnerability. The traditional centralized traceability systems have not given the end-to-end visibility and trust between distributed stakeholders. The research in this paper introduces a blockchain integrated traceability model that uses hybrid cryptographic models to increase the chain security, transparency, and sustainability in the global supply chain. The architecture of the proposed system combines permissioned blockchain architecture and more sophisticated cryptography methods such as zero-knowledge proofs, attribute-based encryption, and digital signatures to provide data confidentiality, integrity, and selective disclosure. Intelligent contracts provide automation of verification and adherence to the standards of sustainability. The experimental test of a multi-node blockchain network shows that it has a high throughput of transactions, low latency and resilience to most forms of attacks. The architecture enables product tracking in real-time, non-repudiated record maintenance and accountability among the stakeholders and minimizes operation inefficiencies. The proposed solution will promote sustainable trade, as blockchain immutability and hybrid cryptography will create trust in global supply chain ecosystems. Keywords: Blockchain, Supply Chain Traceability, Hybrid Cryptography, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, Sustainable Trade, Smart Contracts, Attribute-Based Encryption, Global Trade Security.