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Fatih Ünal Bozdağ

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Open access Aug 2026

Ghosts of L1 Evidentiality: Constructional Transfer in L2 English Hedging

This study tests the ghost construction hypothesis (that obligatory L1 evidential categories persist as functional patterns in L2 hedging) by analyzing 1,011 English argumentative essays (752,967 words) by Turkish, Bulgarian, and Spanish learners (ICLE) and native English speakers (LOCNESS). Hedging devices were detect...

Fatih Ünal Bozdağ · 0 citations

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