Fei Xing

Hydrogel-extracellular vesicle platforms: orchestrating the osteogenic microenvironment for cell-free bone regeneration.

Bone defects remain difficult to treat because impaired vascularization, inflammation, infection and metabolic dysfunction limit endogenous repair. Unencapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) may also be rapidly cleared from defect sites. Hydrogel-EV systems combine vesicle bioactivity with local retention, controlled...