Author

Ferdi Allaf

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Open access Oct 2026

Response Quality of AI-Generated Answers to Orthodontic Patient Concerns Across Empathy, Accuracy, Comprehensiveness, Personalisation, Safety, and Patient-Centeredness: A Cross-Model, Bilingual Evaluation of Claude, GPT-4o, and Gemini

Background: Patients now consult large language models (LLMs) for orthodontic concerns, but most evaluations sit in English and focus on factual accuracy. We compared three current LLMs (Claude Opus 4.5, GPT-4o, Gemini 2.5 Flash) on patient-facing responses in English and Turkish, and tested whether model differences h...

Mustafa Özcan, Ferdi Allaf · Healthcare · 0 citations

Review Open access Sep 2026

Severity Stratification Changes What Hallucination Rates Mean: An Item-Matched Audit of Five Large Language Models in Orthodontic Decision Support

Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs) are consulted for clinical decision support, and their reliability is judged by hallucination prevalence—a measure treating every unsupported element as equivalent, although a fabricated citation and a fabricated protocol differ in what a clinician acting on them woul...

Ferdi Allaf, Mustafa Özcan · Diagnostics · 0 citations