G. Cin

From “Tree of Three Roots” to External Intervention: The Political Anatomy of 21st Century Socialism and the Crisis of the Bolivarian Regime

This article examines the historical, ideological, and political dimensions of the Bolivarian Revolution, which began in Venezuela in 1999 with Hugo Chávez’s rise to power and was plunged into deep uncertainty on January 3, 2026, when Nicolás Maduro was overthrown following U.S. intervention. Adopting a qualitative his...