Transplantation of LPS, IL-4, and TGF-β-induced reparative-biased macrophages promotes early motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats
Objective Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers an inflammatory cascade that often culminates in chronic neurological deficits. This study investigates a combined stimulation approach using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) to generate reparative-biased macrophages...