JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY IN THE ALGORITHMIC CHAIN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE 2024/2853 AND THE AI ACT (REGULATION 2024/1689) AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAZILIAN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
This article examines whether passive joint and several liability within the suppliers’ chain, under a consumer-protection logic, remains applicable when the defective product is an artificial intelligence system. The algorithmic chain poses three structural challenges absent from industrial chains: causal opacity, tec...