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Graham V. Crookes

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Open access Sep 2026

Validating Students' Planned Engagement in Learning Arabic through Six Psychological Constructs

Engagement measures in language education often mix what learners do with what they say they are prepared to do, and the two are not the same thing. This study treats readiness as a construct in its own right. Planned engagement was defined as the psychological preparation that precedes visible participation. This stud...

Munassir Alhamami, Graham V. Crookes · 0 citations

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