Guang-Yuan Yao

Large Language Models for L2 Italian Writing Assessment: Effects of Prompt, Fine-Tuning, and Data Balance

This study systematically evaluates generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-based large language models for the automated writing evaluation of Italian as a second language (L2). Drawing on 1,832 learner texts, we compare six GPT-based experimental conditions: zero-shot and few-shot prompting with GPT-4.1 and GPT-5, a...