Iron-carbon composites for anammox enhancement: a critical review of electron transfer mechanisms, ferroptosis regulation and scale-up challenges.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has emerged as a sustainable wastewater nitrogen removal pathway; however, its full-scale application is impeded by slow autotrophic growth and environmental sensitivity. Iron-carbon (Fe-C) composites have been demonstrated to enhance performance by accelerating extracellular elec...