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Open access Sep 2026

The first two complete mitochondrial genomes for the genus Neotrichoporoides (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and their phylogenetic analysis

Abstract Neotrichoporoides belongs to the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). As a group of parasitic wasps, it plays an indispensable role in the biological control of agricultural and forest pests and in maintaining ecosystem balance. To date, only nine complete mitochondrial genomes of Eulophidae have been sequenced worldwide, including the two newly sequenced species in this study. To enrich our understanding of the mitochondrial genomic diversity of Eulophidae and to provide preliminary insights into its phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced and comparatively analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of two Neotrichoporoides species. The mitogenomes of N. nyemitawus (GenBank: PZ188956; 15,164 bp) and N. viridimaculatus (GenBank: PX794932; 15,297 bp) contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one control region (CR), and exhibit a strong AT bias, with AT contents of 85.5% and 85.0%, respectively. We further analyzed mitochondrial gene rearrangements across 17 species from Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae and summarized family-specific rearrangement characteristics. tRNA rearrangements were detected in all three families. Eulophidae harbors conserved PCGs, while the inverse transposition of trnA and transposition of trnV are likely reported for the first time within this family. The two Neotrichoporoides species differ only in the arrangement of several tRNAs. Comparative analysis of PCGs revealed differences in molecular evolutionary rates among genes, with ATP8, ND2 and ND4 evolving faster than the others. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genome sequences showed that species from two subfamilies formed a monophyletic group, and congeneric species clustered into a single clade. This study contributes to resolving phylogenetic relationships within Eulophidae and further deepens our understanding of this family.

Jun Wen, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Wen-Jian Li et al. · 0 citations
Open access Jul 2026

Characterization of mitochondrial genomes in six newly sequenced species and analysis of gene rearrangements across Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

Abstract Encyrtidae plays a significant ecological and agricultural role in the biological control of pests. However, the limited mitogenome data and unresolved phylogenetics impede the evolutionary research. We sequenced and annotated the complete mitogenomes of six Encyrtidae species (Blastothrix speciosa, Encyrtus aurantii, Lamennaisia ambigua, Lamennaisia nobilis, Cheiloneurus chinensis, and Tassonia gloriae). All six mitogenomes exhibit the typical circular structure, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one control region (CR). They show a strong AT bias (81.3–83.8%) and vary in length from 15,397 bp to 17,160 bp. Conserved family-specific gene rearrangements, likely synapomorphic for Encyrtidae, were identified in this study using Drosophila yakuba as the ancestral reference species. Species-specific variations, mainly in tRNAs and a few PCGs, appear shaped by positive selection, tRNA structural flexibility, and host adaptation, a pattern that is consistent with the “duplication-random loss” model. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs via Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference yielded highly congruent topologies, confirming Encyrtus monophyly and the congruence between molecular clustering and morphological taxonomy. This study enriches Encyrtidae mitogenome resources, clarifies the evolutionary rules and gene rearrangements mechanisms, and provides molecular evidence for Encyrtidae systematics and adaptive evolution research.

Zhi-Peng Chen, Lu-Jie An, Yang-Yi Jia et al. · 0 citations

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