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Mechanisms of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Influences Productive Performance, Immunity, Milk Composition, and Rumen Microbiota in Ruminants: A Review

Simple Summary Moringa oleifera is a very fast growing tree with leaves rich in beneficial natural compounds. A simple extract from these leaves when added to the feed of cattle, goats and sheep provides several benefits. The animals gain weight and utilize feed better, and the dairy cows yield higher milk production with higher fat and protein levels, and fewer incidences of udder infection. Importantly, this natural supplement enhances the immune system of the animals so that they can remain healthier and with fewer medical treatments. The nutrient extract in the animals’ specially designed stomach (rumen) helps to restore a healthy balance of “good” microbes which ensure the breakdown of plant fiber, giving improved digestion and maintaining a balanced rumen environment. Concurrently, it lowers the amount of microbes producing methane—a powerful greenhouse gas that is linked to climate change. Overall, Moringa leaf extract is a promising and sustainable natural solution for modern agriculture, offering a potential approach for improving the growth, quality of milk, health of animals, and reducing harmful emissions from livestock.

HPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Melilotus indicus Stem Extract: Insights Into its Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Mechanisms for Potential Therapeutic Applications

Impacts of multiple trophic and climatic factors on the growth kinetics of Fusarium spp. associated with wheat head blight

Climatic and nutritional factors significantly influence the behavior of pathogenic agents by limiting their growth and mycotoxin production. Understanding these factors aids in predicting and managing mycotoxigenic risks. In this context, this study was conducted to characterize the ecophysiological profile of the most virulent Fusarium isolates identified in the region, including 6 F. clavum, 2 F. avenaceum , 5 F. acuminatum , 2 F. culmorum, 1 F. tricinctum, 1 F. microconidium , and 1 F. solani , using an in vitro one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. The results indicated that nutritional requirements, including culture media, carbon and nitrogen sources, and the C:N ratio, pH, salinity, temperature, and relative humidity, were the primary factors influencing mycelial growth. The current study found that the most effective conditions for enhancing the growth of the examined isolates were Czapek Dox Agar medium at 25 °C, 95% relative humidity, pH 7, and a salinity of 2.5 g. L⁻ 1 , or by using cellulose as the carbon source, peptone as the nitrogen source, and a C:N ratio of 10:1. Significant diversity was observed among the isolates and Fusarium species; different strains of the same species responded differently to climatic and trophic factors, while different species showed similar responses. These parameters effectively grouped the isolates into two clusters using hierarchical clustering.