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Ha Thi Nguyen

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Open access Sep 2026

Artificial intelligence as cognitive scaffolding in the engineering design process: A STEM education perspective

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in STEM education; however, limited evidence explains how it functions as cognitive scaffolding within the engineering design process. This study examined the effects of AI-supported scaffolding on students’ problem-solving competence, engineering design performance, an...

Nguyen Chi Le, N. H. Chu, Ha Thi Nguyen et al. · 0 citations
Open access Jul 2026

ChatGPT as cognitive scaffolding in 5E-based science instruction: Effects on middle school students’ problem-solving competence

Problem-solving competence (PSC) is a central objective of contemporary science education; however, many students continue to experience difficulties when engaging in inquiry-based learning activities that require reasoning, reflection and solution refinement. This study investigated the effects of selective ChatGPT sc...

Nguyen Chi Le, Ha Thi Nguyen, Quynh Thi Thuy Nguyen et al. · 0 citations

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