Digital openness and growth beyond oil: ICT, foreign direct investment, globalization, and long-run economic performance in the GCC
This study examines the joint effects of digital development, foreign direct investment (FDI), globalization, and trade openness on economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries within an augmented Cobb–Douglas production framework. Using a panel of the six GCC countries over 2000–2024, we employ grou...