To address the unclear fracture propagation behavior and the insufficient understanding of the influence mechanisms of fracturing parameters during the hydraulic fracturing of deep coalbed methane reservoirs in the Yan’an Gas Field, Well JY1 in the No. 8 coal seam of the Benxi Formation in Block N was selected as the study object. An integrated three-dimensional geomechanics–fracture propagation model coupling geomechanical conditions, cleat characteristics, and fracture propagation was established. Fracture propagation simulations were conducted under different injection rates, fluid volumes per stage, and proppant volumes per stage. The results indicate that when main fractures intersect with cleats, they may exhibit deflection, branching, or direct crossing. Increasing the injection rate enhances the driving force at the fracture tip and improves the penetration capability of main fractures. Increasing the fluid volume improves fracture coverage and inter-cluster connectivity. Increasing the proppant volume contributes to greater residual fracture width, higher proppant placement concentration, and improved fracture conductivity. An injection rate of 19–21 m3/min, a fluid volume per stage of 2500–2700 m3, and a proppant volume per stage of 280–320 m3 provide a favorable balance between fracture network development and effective proppant support under the studied reservoir conditions.
Deep coalbed methane (CBM) resources are abundant and represent a critical component of future energy supply and carbon reduction strategies. However, deep coal seams are characterized by well-developed cleat systems and high Poisson’s ratios, rendering the mechanisms of hydraulic fracture initiation, propagation, and complex fracture network development insufficiently understood. In this study, deep coal rock at a burial depth of 2700 m is investigated. A finite element–based hydraulic fracturing model incorporating complex face-cleat and end-cleat networks is established by explicitly representing cleat geometry, mechanical properties, fluid leak-off behavior, and hydraulic loading conditions. Using this model, the effects of cleat inclination angle, horizontal stress difference, and displacement on fracture evolution are systematically analyzed. The results indicate that when face cleats are orthogonal to the maximum horizontal principal stress, fractures preferentially penetrate cleats and propagate along the maximum stress direction. In contrast, when face cleats form acute angles with the maximum horizontal stress, pronounced branching fractures develop along both face and end cleats, with propagation increasingly dominated by face cleats as the angle decreases. Increasing horizontal stress difference suppresses fracture branching, leading to simpler fracture networks but greater total fracture length and maximum fracture width. Moreover, under identical injection pressures, the equal-pressure fracture length increases, indicating enhanced fracture propagation capacity. With increasing displacement, fracture networks evolve from simple to complex patterns, accompanied by accelerated propagation and enlarged fracture widths; however, excessive displacement intensifies fluid leak-off, ultimately reducing the equal-pressure fracture length.
