Hamed A. Alghamdi

High‐resolution ensemble data assimilation and forecasting of mesoscale and submesoscale circulation in the Arabian Gulf

High‐resolution ocean models are increasingly capable of resolving energetic mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics, but integrating data assimilation (DA) into such systems remains challenging. Static background error covariances can limit the effectiveness of assimilating observations, particularly in shallow and semi...