Aligning Heterogeneous DFT Datasets: A Graph Neural Network Approach to Cross-Functional Formation Energies
Heterogeneous density functional theory (DFT) calculations, particularly plane-wave implementations, introduce systematic formation energy errors ranging from tens to hundreds of meV/atom, depending on the selection of exchange-correlation functionals, kinetic energy cutoffs, pseudopotentials, and dispersion corrections. As demonstrated by the MatPES dataset, identical structures can exhibit an average energy discrepancy of 107 meV/atom between PBE and r2SCAN calculations. Such method-dependent discrepancies hinder the integration of multi-source DFT data, greatly limiting the scale and quality of datasets for training robust materials AI models. Here, we resolve this fundamental data silo barrier via graph-based transfer learning. Leveraging 380,190 structurally paired PBE-r2SCAN entries from the MatPES database, we train a structure-aware graph neural network to predict cross-functional energy residuals and align inconsistent DFT energy scales. By adopting GPTFF model architecture, the model converts conventional PBE energies to r2SCAN-level accuracy with a mean absolute error of 14.3 meV/atom, compared with 18.2 meV/atom achieved by CHGNet. This versatile approach effectively upgrades massive legacy PBE datasets to high-precision r2SCAN standards. It enables reliable predictions of phase stability, battery voltage profiles, and reaction thermodynamics, while allowing the integration of multi-source DFT data to advance the development of high-performance materials foundation models.