Open access
2026
Aerodynamic optimization and validation of a 3D wing in ground effect
Ground effect significantly enhances the aerodynamic efficiency and lift-to-drag characteristics of aircraft. In nature, the Brown Pelican demonstrates superior seaskimming capabilities, deftly exploiting ground effect while following wave contours to minimize energy consumption during flight. Inspired by this biologic...
Jiang-Ning Liu, Rui-Shuo Li, Xiaowen Shan et al.
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