Hypoxia-programmed apoptotic-mimetic M2 macrophage-derived small extracellular vesicles for hydrogel-mediated immunoregenerative bone repair
Effective regeneration of critical-sized bone defects requires the coordinated reconstruction of immune homeostasis, vascular networks, and osteogenic matrix formation. However, conventional bone-regenerative materials frequently provide structural support or single-pathway osteoinduction, while failing to actively orc...