Reconstructing Judicial Pardon in Indonesia: Taʿzīr, Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah, And Substantive Justice
Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 3 of 2026 operationalizes judicial pardon under Indonesia’s new criminal procedure framework by allowing a court to declare guilt while withholding punishment on grounds of justice and humanity. The regulation is an important humanizing instrument, yet its open-ended criteria, its r...