Open access
Aug 2026
Adversarial Latency Watermarking: Covertly Encoding Zero Bit Keys in Federated Learning Model Updates
These findings expose time as a first class security primitive in FL systems and recommend integrating timing randomization, lightweight monitoring, and scheduler level defenses into frameworks such as Tensor Flow Federated.
Barakat Saad Ibrahim, Ahmed Hameed Shakir, Hasan Jameel
· Al-Noor Journal of Engineeri... · 0 citations