Haseeb Ullah

PSO-Based Hybrid Lexical-Semantic Feature Selection and Ensemble Learning Framework for Urdu Hate Speech Detection

Automated Urdu hate-speech detection remains challenging because annotated resources are limited, orthography varies, and harmful meaning depends on both lexical and contextual cues. This study evaluates a leakage-safe lexical-semantic framework combining 5,000-dimensional word/bigram TF-IDF features with 768-dimension...