Beyond Exosomes: Biological Properties, Isolation Challenges, and Functional Redefinition of Non-Vesicular Extracellular Nanoparticles (NVEPs)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have dominated research on intercellular communication for decades. However, the discovery of exomeres in 2018 revealed that conventional exosome preparations contain large quantities of long-overlooked non-membranous nanoparticles. Additional non-vesicular extracellular nanoparticles (NVEP...