Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Instructor-Designed AI Tutors in University Foreign Language Education: A Mixed-Methods Study of Learner Motivation and Reflective Learning Experience Based on Self-Determination Theory
The findings suggest that the educational effectiveness of generative AI in foreign language education is not determined by frequency of use alone but also by the quality of pedagogical design underlying its deployment.
Hyunjin Lee, Heeju Kwon
· Trends in Higher Education · 0 citations