Flood Hazard Assessment using Rainfall Data (1995-2025) with a Hydrograph Approach and an Eco-Geomorphic Overview in Padang City, Indonesia.
Padang City experiences recurrent flooding because intense rainfall, rapid runoff from eastern catchments, low-lying floodplains, and coastal-estuarine backwater effects interact across a developed watershed continuum. Existing assessments often examine rainfall, runoff response, spatial hazard, and ecological function...