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Heng Li

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Preprint Aug 2026

Understanding the Energy Impact of Software Refactoring: A Workload-Aware Study of Controlled Examples and Real-World Commits

These findings highlight the need for workload-diverse evaluation of the energy impact of refactoring; neither existing metric-based approaches nor LLM-based predictors can reliably identify refactoring-induced energy regressions, motivating the development of more accurate techniques for predicting the energy impact o...

Haibo Wang, Heng Li, Shin Hwei Tan · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

An empirical study on method-level performance evolution in open-source Java projects

A large-scale empirical study analyzing performance evolution in 15 mature open-source Java projects hosted on GitHub, showing that different project domains and scales exhibit distinct performance characteristics, which suggest the need for domain-specific performance management strategies that account for the project...

Kaveh Shahedi, Nana Gyambrah, Heng Li et al. · 0 citations
Preprint Aug 2026

LLM Serving in the Wild: An Empirical Study of Frameworks, Methods, and System Designs

This study identifies and analyze five LLM-specific frameworks and examines how these frameworks and techniques are adopted individually and in combination, how adoption varies across categories of LLMs, and how repositories differ in intent, focus, use case, and architectural design.

Forough Majidi, Mohammad Mehdi Morovati, F. Khomh et al. · 0 citations

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