Heng-Yan Zhang

Artificial intelligence-based tongue image analysis for non-invasive screening of gastric cancer, precancerous lesions, and related gastrointestinal disorders: a systematic review

Background Gastric cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality, largely because many cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with histopathological confirmation is the diagnostic gold standard, but its invasiveness, cost, and limited accessibility restrict population-leve...