Chitosan-based hydrogels for diabetic ulcer therapy: Molecular mechanisms, functional synergies, and future perspectives: A review.
The physicochemical properties of chitosan are summarized and the molecular mechanisms underlying hydrogel-mediated diabetic wound repair are systematically examined, including cation-mediated disruption of microbial membranes, Keap1/Nrf2-dependent antioxidant signaling, NF-κB-regulated immunomodulation, and VEGF-driven angiogenic pathways.