Author

Hua-Dong Xiong

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#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Counting on Thinking: Tracing Evidence Integration in Language Models

Finite computational resources force a tradeoff between automatic System 1 processes and costly System 2 thinking. Large language models (LLMs) can spend extra computation on hard problems, yet direct answers struggle even with counting, an elementary operation humans and animals perform automatically. We ask why this...

Jing-Ming Xue, Robert C. Wilson, Hua-Dong Xiong · 0 citations

Jul 2026

Thinking Under Uncertainty: Evidence Use and Information-Seeking in Language Models

Inference-time thinking improves the performance of large language models, but aggregate outcomes do not reveal whether models use available evidence more effectively or seek information that could improve future decisions. We distinguish these responses by measuring action preference, thinking length, and reported con...

Hua-Dong Xiong, Xinyuan Yan, Ji-An Li et al. · arXiv.org · 0 citations