How Reliable Are Geospatial Foundation Model Embeddings for Cross-City Urban Mapping?
Frozen geospatial foundation model (GeoFM) embeddings are increasingly used as general-purpose features, yet their reliability under cross-city transfer remains unclear. We evaluate AlphaEarth and TESSERA for building-function and local-climate-zone mapping across 31 cities using leave-one-city-out (LOCO) transfer, com...