Author

I. Akpan

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Open access Jul 2026

Cybersecurity Risk in Industrial Control Systems in Industry 4.0

Industrial control systems (ICSs) are the operational technology that monitors and directs physical processes across critical infrastructure. They sit at the core of Industry 4.0. Once these systems are connected to digital platforms and service chains, a flaw in one component is no longer confined to that component. C...

Imo Enang, Iniobong Enang, I. Akpan · Systems · 0 citations