Author

I. Bilal

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#human-computer interacti... Preprint Sep 2026

When AI Becomes Hard to Understand: Cognitive Demands in Real-World Human-AI Conversations

This work analyzes ChatGPT and Gemini conversations, using repeated prompting and clarification following misunderstanding as behavioural indicators of cognitive difficulty, and finds that response characteristics such as length, readability and lexical diversity do not have fixed relationships with conversational diff...

Ying-Can Wang, I. Bilal, Q. Zaman · 0 citations

#machine learning Preprint Aug 2026

From Information to Delegation: Mapping Human-AI Financial Decision Making

A behavioural measurement framework combining intent and delegated decision authority is introduced to quantify what consumers seek from AI and how much decision-making authority they assign to it, finding that financial services are already a substantial AI use case.

I. Bilal, Ying-Can Wang, A. Raj et al. · 0 citations