H19 and the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer: emerging evidence, mechanistic links, and therapeutic perspectives
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are major causes of cancer-related mortality, yet responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remain heterogeneous. Although programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a key component of immune checkpoint biology, antitumor immunity is shaped by multiple tumor-i...