Irwan Sembiring

Comparative Evaluation of LSTM-Based Deep Learning Models for Software Effort Estimation

Software development effort estimation is a critical aspect of effective project planning, as inaccurate predictions can lead to cost overruns, schedule delays, and incomplete system implementation. This study evaluates five LSTM-based deep learning architectures—Standard LSTM, CNN-BiLSTM, Residual LSTM, LSTM-GRU, and...