Sustainable Energy Management of PV–Battery–Supercapacitor Systems via Metaheuristic-Optimized Coordinated Dual-Loop Control
In photovoltaic-based hybrid energy storage systems (PV–HESS), rapid power transients accelerate battery degradation, directly reducing the operating lifetime and sustainability of renewable power resources. To address this issue, the current study proposes an optimal coordinated framework for the simultaneous and coor...