Preoperative Malignancy Risk Stratification in Bethesda IV Thyroid Nodules Using Integrated Clinical, Ultrasonographic, and Biochemical Parameters in Surgical Oncology Practice
Background and Objectives: Bethesda Category IV thyroid nodules present a diagnostic challenge due to their variable risk of malignancy and uncertain cytological features. Therefore, determining the risk of malignancy before surgery is important. This study aims to identify clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic f...