Environmental blood cadmium tracks with albuminuria at concentrations far below ToxCast AC50s.
Cadmium is a cumulative nephrotoxicant that injures the proximal tubule through oxidative stress and disrupted metal handling. Whether contemporary low-level exposure associates with albuminuria, and how those internal concentrations compare with in vitro bioactivity, remains incompletely defined. In NHANES 2011-2018 a...