XGBoost-Based Prediction of 28-Day Flexural Strength in Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials
The applied design of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) requires reliable estimation of 28-day flexural strength (FS28) before trial batching. This is challenging because RAC–SCM mixtures involve nonlinear interactions among binder chemistry, aggregate replacement, water-to-binder ratio, and admixture dosage. However, most predictive models focus on compressive strength or sustainability optimization, while fewer address FS28 using chemically informed descriptors and independent validation. This study developed and externally validated an XGBoost framework for FS28 prediction. The methodology combined binder characterization by XRF, XRD, SEM, and particle-size analysis; reactivity descriptors; database development; modeling; and experimental validation. A database of 397 mixtures from 22 sources was refined to 382 observations for training and testing, and the model was validated with 58 RAC–SCM mixtures and 174 prismatic specimens tested according to ASTM C78/C78M-22. XGBoost achieved R2 values of 91.61%, 80.75%, and 77.62% for training, testing, and validation, with RMSE values of 0.559, 0.835, and 0.364 MPa. Compared with the best alternative models, XGBoost reduced RMSE by 8.6% in testing and 9.5% in validation. Interpretability analysis identified binder reactivity, water-to-binder ratio, aggregate composition, cement content, SCM replacement, and superplasticizer dosage as key factors.