An Energy-Efficient Hybrid LoRa–Wi-Fi Architecture for Real- Time Water Quality Monitoring and Machine Learning-Based Trend Forecasting
Water quality management in large-scale institutional infrastructures faces significant challenges due to the high latency of manual sampling and the energy–connectivity trade-offs in traditional IoT deployments. This paper proposes HydroSense AI, a robust three-tier IoT framework designed for real-time multi-parameter...