Spatial Heterogeneity of Long-Term Sandy Shoreline Change Along Eastern Hainan Island, China (1987–2025)
Long-term shoreline change on tropical islands is spatially heterogeneous, but alongshore contrasts remain insufficiently resolved. We quantified shoreline change along the 151.1 km eastern sandy coast of Hainan Island, China, from 1987 to 2025 using Landsat-derived visually interpreted shoreline proxies and the Digita...