From nano-aggregates to macroscopic fibers: an integrated framework reconciling phase separation and laminar flow theories in high-moisture extrusion.
High-moisture extrusion (HME) has emerged as a key technology for converting plant proteins into meat analogs with fibrous textures resembling animal muscle. Despite growing research interest, the multi-scale mechanisms governing fiber structure formation during HME remain incompletely understood. Plant-protein HME is...