Jia’an Niu

Synergistic Degradation of Tunnel Lining Materials during Combined Carbonate–Sulfate Attack under Multifield Coupling

The durability of tunnel linings exposed to groundwater containing both sulfates and carbonates represents a critical challenge in karst regions. While single-ion attack has been widely studied, the coupled degradation mechanism under combined sulfate–carbonate attack remains insufficiently understood. In this work,...