Cryogenic 3D-printed gelatin-chondroitin sulfate scaffold embedded with PCA/Cu2+/ε-polylysine-functionalized chitosan microspheres for simultaneous antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic bone regeneration.
Cryogenic 3D-printed Gel-OCS scaffold incorporating PCA/Cu2+/ε-PL-functionalized chitosan microspheres provides a single-step, customizable platform that combines robust mechanical properties with multi-modal therapeutic functionalities and highlights a novel therapeutic strategy for bone defect regeneration.