PD-1+/PD-L1+macrophages across diseases: a translational continuum from biomarkers to immunotherapeutic targets.
The regulatory mechanisms governing PD-1/PD-L1 expression in macrophages and their biological functions are summarized, the potential of PD-1+/PD-L1+ macrophages as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets are discussed, and targeted intervention strategies for this macrophage subset are examined.