Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Modern Continual Learning with Foundation Models, Evaluation Challenges, and Future Directions
This review provides a structured overview of major CL paradigms, including task-incremental, domain-incremental, class-incremental, online, multimodal, and federated CL, and examines the theoretical foundations of CL, particularly the stability–plasticity dilemma, catastrophic forgetting, transfer dynamics, and representation learning.
Zahid Ullah, Minki Hong, Jihie Kim
· Mathematics · 0 citations