Spiramycin fermentation residue-derived biochar regulates soil nutrient cycling, microbial communities, and antibiotic resistance gene dynamics.
Spiramycin fermentation residues (SFR) are hazardous wastes enriched with residual antibiotics, yet they can serve as potential feedstocks for resource recovery after appropriate treatment. In this study, SFR-derived biochar (SFR-BC) was produced by pyrolysis and applied to agricultural soil to evaluate its effects on...